Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction Essay - 1375 Words

Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction (Essay Sample) Content: Alcohol and cocaine addictionNameInstitutionAlcohol and cocaine addictionIntroductionDrug addiction is one of the public health issues in the society. The addiction has been associated with different cognitive deficits in the abuser that include emotional regulation, working memory, motivation, attention, flexibility, decision-making and learning (Banerjee 2014). Various neurophysiological studies indicate that drugs that are abused have the reinforcing and addictive properties that affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine-mediated reward system through transmitters. This essay examines the brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement in the addiction of alcohol and cocaine; anxiety and schizophrenia disorders. The author will also evaluate how the changes in the brain are addressed using medication as one of the biologically-based intervention measures to counter addiction.Brains involvement in the addictionAlcohol is considered to be one of the powerful drugs that affect t he brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s normal activities through addiction behavior. It induces changes in the neurological pathways of the brain such as the dopaminergic, ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬amino butyric acid (GABA), serotoninergic and glutamate pathways (Banerjee 2014). The ethanol, contained in the alcohol affects the central nervous system (CNS) by depressing the activities of the brain (Banerjee 2014). The person who is addicted to ethanol exhibit the feelings of relaxation and good mood. Alcohol interacts with the brain neurotransmitters of the reward and stress circuits. In this case, the alcohol acute reinforcing effects are produced; that later affects the neuronal function that is primary in alcohol addiction (Vengeliene, et al. 2008).The dopamine pathway is a neurotransmitter that controls the circuit of the mesolimbic system (Banerjee 2014). The course is significant in controlling how the organisms react to the incentive changes of the environment. Dopamine, therefore, influences the incentive motivation that is linked to the ethanol intoxication. Alcohol affects the serotonin neurotransmitters of the brain by increasing the level of the serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of the brain (Vengeliene, et al. 2008; Banerjee 2014). The GABA, being one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain is influenced by ethanol that enables high production of GABA that is felt around the central nucleus of the amygdala region. GABA functions through the assistance of subtype receptors called GABAA and GABAB. The Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that operates through the Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬methylà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Banerjee 2014; Vengeliene, et al. 2008). Glutamate reinforces the acute effects of ethanol on the organism. Alcohol hinders the functions of the glutamate in the brain by reducing their levels in the striatum part of the brain that has nucleus accumbens (Banerjee 2014). The chronic alcohol exposure suppresses the glutamate-mediated signal in the amygdala.According to Wakabashi and Kiyatkin (2014), the abuse of cocaine induces transient nucleus accumbens shells glutamate release that has distinct peripheral and central sources. The cocaine-initiated glutamate becomes acute and produces a dependency sensitization to the user. However, according to Gabach and others (2013), the behavioral sensitization is contributed by Nitric oxide. In Gabach and others perspective, nitric oxide contained in cocaine, acquires and maintains the effects of the drug in the brain of the user. The nitric oxide is involved in the activation of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NO/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the brain (Gabach 2013). The stimulation of nNOS/NO/sGC/cGMP pathway by continuous intake of cocaine activates the glutamate pathways and nucleus accumbens shells (Wakabashi Kiyatkin 2014; Gabach, et al. 2013). The cocaine in take enhances the hippocampal LTP by stimulating the hippocampal ventral subiculum that increase the cocaine-seeking behavior (Gabach, et al. 2013).Anxiety and Schizophrenia disordersAccording to Smith and Randall (2012), the effects alcohol has on biopsychosocial can result in anxiety. Alcohol use involves the episodes of intermittent consumption and frequent utilization and withdrawal that destabilize the nervous system hence producing or worsening the state of anxiety. The acute alcohol use increases the anxiolytic effect by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitters. The withdrawal period contributes to hyperexcitability of some of the brain components such as the limbic system, and the norepinephrine involved in the production of panic attacks (Smith Randall 2012). The repeated withdrawal episodes are known to cause neural adaptation (kindling) exposing the drinker to anxiety and stress-induced effects of alcohol consumption. Symptoms such as increased heart rate, shallow and faster breathing are common to people who have abstained from alcohol (Smith Randall 2012).According to Buckner and others (2011), the use of cocaine, produces similar anxiolytic properties to those of alcohol. However, the abuser is susceptible to using other chemicals despite being an addict of cocaine. The patients that are withdrawing from cocaine experience higher levels of anxiety sensitivity that force them to abuse more cocaine to avoid the effects of anxious arousal (Buckner, et al. 2011). In this case, anxiety is used to maintain the substance use, and in some instances, the substance use is meant to avoid the effects of anxiety.The schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that have psychological symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013). The negative and cognitive effects of schizophrenia emerge when the levels of glutamate that are signaled through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel, are little. According to Harvey and Yee (2013) , the addictive properties of alcohol and cocaine are governed by the rewarding property induced by the drugs that facilitate the consumption and the drug-seeking behavior. A person under the influence of alcohol or cocaine, therefore, is likely to experience frequent effects of schizophrenia due to the lower levels of glutamate in the brain (Harvey Yee 2013). Alcohol and cocaine have been noted to reduce the levels of glutamate in the striatum; in this case the higher rate of depreciation of glutamate in the brain will subject the abuser to the frequent episodes of hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013).Biological-based intervention measure of alcoholism and cocaine addictionThis section of the essay provides an evaluation of the use of medication as a biological-based intervention measure to interfere with the effects produced by alcohol and cocaine addiction in the brain. According to Banerjee (2014), the injection of small doses of a compound that interferes with the n ormal activities of the dopamine can block the consumption of alcohol. Although the reduction or absence of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system does not guarantee the absolute abstinence from alcohol consumption, it is one of the measures that can be taken in reducing the levels of addiction. Serotonin pathways can also be targeted in alleviating addiction; introducing chemical compound that target the reuptake of serotonin in the system has been discovered to have the suppressive ability in alcohol-reinforced behavior. For instance, when the levels of serotonin are down, the urge to take alcohol is decreased (Banerjee 2014).The working principle of GABAA and GABAB receptor in the brain of an addict is interfered in the presence of chemical drugs (Banerjee 2014). Since acute alcohol use increases the transmission of GABA in the amygdala region, the medication that targets the ÃŽ1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬subunit in the GABAA receptor component will reduce the rate of consumption of alcoho l (Banerjee 2014). The administration of the drug is done to the ventral pallidum; the region of the brain that receives signals from the neurons located in the amygdala extension (Banerjee 2014). According to Harvey and Yee (2013) the sarcosine-based non-competitive GlyT1-selective inhibitors such as Org 25935 and Org 24598 can be administered to reduce alcohol preference and the relapse of drinking. However, the competitive GlyT1 inhibitors in humans are yet to be evaluated in models of alcoholism (Harvey Yee 2013). Acamprosate is used to control the activities of glutamate by acting on the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptors (Banerjee 2014). Acamprosate reduces the workloa... Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction Essay - 1375 Words Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction (Essay Sample) Content: Alcohol and cocaine addictionNameInstitutionAlcohol and cocaine addictionIntroductionDrug addiction is one of the public health issues in the society. The addiction has been associated with different cognitive deficits in the abuser that include emotional regulation, working memory, motivation, attention, flexibility, decision-making and learning (Banerjee 2014). Various neurophysiological studies indicate that drugs that are abused have the reinforcing and addictive properties that affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine-mediated reward system through transmitters. This essay examines the brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement in the addiction of alcohol and cocaine; anxiety and schizophrenia disorders. The author will also evaluate how the changes in the brain are addressed using medication as one of the biologically-based intervention measures to counter addiction.Brains involvement in the addictionAlcohol is considered to be one of the powerful drugs that affect t he brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s normal activities through addiction behavior. It induces changes in the neurological pathways of the brain such as the dopaminergic, ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬amino butyric acid (GABA), serotoninergic and glutamate pathways (Banerjee 2014). The ethanol, contained in the alcohol affects the central nervous system (CNS) by depressing the activities of the brain (Banerjee 2014). The person who is addicted to ethanol exhibit the feelings of relaxation and good mood. Alcohol interacts with the brain neurotransmitters of the reward and stress circuits. In this case, the alcohol acute reinforcing effects are produced; that later affects the neuronal function that is primary in alcohol addiction (Vengeliene, et al. 2008).The dopamine pathway is a neurotransmitter that controls the circuit of the mesolimbic system (Banerjee 2014). The course is significant in controlling how the organisms react to the incentive changes of the environment. Dopamine, therefore, influences the incentive motivation that is linked to the ethanol intoxication. Alcohol affects the serotonin neurotransmitters of the brain by increasing the level of the serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of the brain (Vengeliene, et al. 2008; Banerjee 2014). The GABA, being one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain is influenced by ethanol that enables high production of GABA that is felt around the central nucleus of the amygdala region. GABA functions through the assistance of subtype receptors called GABAA and GABAB. The Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that operates through the Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬methylà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Banerjee 2014; Vengeliene, et al. 2008). Glutamate reinforces the acute effects of ethanol on the organism. Alcohol hinders the functions of the glutamate in the brain by reducing their levels in the striatum part of the brain that has nucleus accumbens (Banerjee 2014). The chronic alcohol exposure suppresses the glutamate-mediated signal in the amygdala.According to Wakabashi and Kiyatkin (2014), the abuse of cocaine induces transient nucleus accumbens shells glutamate release that has distinct peripheral and central sources. The cocaine-initiated glutamate becomes acute and produces a dependency sensitization to the user. However, according to Gabach and others (2013), the behavioral sensitization is contributed by Nitric oxide. In Gabach and others perspective, nitric oxide contained in cocaine, acquires and maintains the effects of the drug in the brain of the user. The nitric oxide is involved in the activation of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NO/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the brain (Gabach 2013). The stimulation of nNOS/NO/sGC/cGMP pathway by continuous intake of cocaine activates the glutamate pathways and nucleus accumbens shells (Wakabashi Kiyatkin 2014; Gabach, et al. 2013). The cocaine in take enhances the hippocampal LTP by stimulating the hippocampal ventral subiculum that increase the cocaine-seeking behavior (Gabach, et al. 2013).Anxiety and Schizophrenia disordersAccording to Smith and Randall (2012), the effects alcohol has on biopsychosocial can result in anxiety. Alcohol use involves the episodes of intermittent consumption and frequent utilization and withdrawal that destabilize the nervous system hence producing or worsening the state of anxiety. The acute alcohol use increases the anxiolytic effect by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitters. The withdrawal period contributes to hyperexcitability of some of the brain components such as the limbic system, and the norepinephrine involved in the production of panic attacks (Smith Randall 2012). The repeated withdrawal episodes are known to cause neural adaptation (kindling) exposing the drinker to anxiety and stress-induced effects of alcohol consumption. Symptoms such as increased heart rate, shallow and faster breathing are common to people who have abstained from alcohol (Smith Randall 2012).According to Buckner and others (2011), the use of cocaine, produces similar anxiolytic properties to those of alcohol. However, the abuser is susceptible to using other chemicals despite being an addict of cocaine. The patients that are withdrawing from cocaine experience higher levels of anxiety sensitivity that force them to abuse more cocaine to avoid the effects of anxious arousal (Buckner, et al. 2011). In this case, anxiety is used to maintain the substance use, and in some instances, the substance use is meant to avoid the effects of anxiety.The schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that have psychological symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013). The negative and cognitive effects of schizophrenia emerge when the levels of glutamate that are signaled through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel, are little. According to Harvey and Yee (2013) , the addictive properties of alcohol and cocaine are governed by the rewarding property induced by the drugs that facilitate the consumption and the drug-seeking behavior. A person under the influence of alcohol or cocaine, therefore, is likely to experience frequent effects of schizophrenia due to the lower levels of glutamate in the brain (Harvey Yee 2013). Alcohol and cocaine have been noted to reduce the levels of glutamate in the striatum; in this case the higher rate of depreciation of glutamate in the brain will subject the abuser to the frequent episodes of hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013).Biological-based intervention measure of alcoholism and cocaine addictionThis section of the essay provides an evaluation of the use of medication as a biological-based intervention measure to interfere with the effects produced by alcohol and cocaine addiction in the brain. According to Banerjee (2014), the injection of small doses of a compound that interferes with the n ormal activities of the dopamine can block the consumption of alcohol. Although the reduction or absence of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system does not guarantee the absolute abstinence from alcohol consumption, it is one of the measures that can be taken in reducing the levels of addiction. Serotonin pathways can also be targeted in alleviating addiction; introducing chemical compound that target the reuptake of serotonin in the system has been discovered to have the suppressive ability in alcohol-reinforced behavior. For instance, when the levels of serotonin are down, the urge to take alcohol is decreased (Banerjee 2014).The working principle of GABAA and GABAB receptor in the brain of an addict is interfered in the presence of chemical drugs (Banerjee 2014). Since acute alcohol use increases the transmission of GABA in the amygdala region, the medication that targets the ÃŽ1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬subunit in the GABAA receptor component will reduce the rate of consumption of alcoho l (Banerjee 2014). The administration of the drug is done to the ventral pallidum; the region of the brain that receives signals from the neurons located in the amygdala extension (Banerjee 2014). According to Harvey and Yee (2013) the sarcosine-based non-competitive GlyT1-selective inhibitors such as Org 25935 and Org 24598 can be administered to reduce alcohol preference and the relapse of drinking. However, the competitive GlyT1 inhibitors in humans are yet to be evaluated in models of alcoholism (Harvey Yee 2013). Acamprosate is used to control the activities of glutamate by acting on the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptors (Banerjee 2014). Acamprosate reduces the workloa...

Students With Learning Disabilities Academic Needs Essay

One of the challenges that can occur within integrated classroom is students with learning disabilities academic needs are not being meet. For teachers to successfully enforce integrated classroom they need all the same resources a special education classroom receives for the students. What can occur unfortunately classroom population for teacher and student’s ratio is increasing, and can have a negative effect for student academic performance. For a classroom to be successful the classroom size matter because classroom size has a great impact on students education, and when the number of students is reduced to a small portion teachers are able to give more attention to students. (Boyer, 122-123). When students are in inclusive classroom the effect that has on students is important to take into consideration. In a study conducted by *****, measured students with learning wellbeing when they are placed in inclusive classroom, the finding were, â€Å" †¦ Special Educationa l needs presented lower level of subjective wellbeing. Specially, this study highlighted the low scores in terms of life satisfaction, health related quality of life and positive affect, and the higher score regarding negative affect in these student† (****, 89). When students are placed in integrated classroom, unfortunately the teacher has a large population of students that those with learning disabilities are not given the attention they need to grasp the lecture and to pause to review the context. This canShow MoreRelatedEducational Policies For Students With Learning Disabilities Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the main goals of education is to include students with learning disabilities in general education. 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Some students would rather notRead MoreA Brief Note On Websites, Links And Articles On Learning Disabilities And Families1007 Words   |  5 Pages Webliography: Websites, Links and articles on Learning Disabilities and families Sha’Vonne J. Walker North Carolina Central University Abstract Pikes Only for Module 6 One paragraph, single spaced, do not indent. single space citations and complete quotes Ldpride.net is a website that provides information on Learning Disabilities. The website defines LD as a term used to describe â€Å"a wide range† of learning and/or social impairments (Bodgod, 2015). The impairment can affectRead MoreThe Class Placement of Students with ADD/ADHD1721 Words   |  7 PagesContemporary students with learning disabilities such as ADD/ADHD are continuously perceived as incompetent to adapt to a traditional classroom setting with students who have no learning disabilities. Consequently, many students with learning disabilities are placed in classrooms that are designated only for students with learning disabilities. Schools use a non-inclusive setting when students with learning impairments like ADD/ADHD are placed in a â€Å"special class† with other learning impairment students

Sands Corporation - 1079 Words

SANDS CORPORATION WRITTEN ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION (WAC) NISHANT GADIA FSB-1 26TH August 14 SANDS CORPORATION LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL August 9, 1961 President, Sands Corporation Clairmont, USA Dear Sir, Enclosed is the report on â€Å"The Establishment of New plant†. This report examines the problems, options available and the different scenarios dealt with. Various factors have been taken into consideration for an attempt to take a wiser decision. I hope you find this report satisfactory and help you in taking wiser decision. Regards Vice President Manufacturing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sands Corporation was established in 1941 with an aim to manufacture range of parts for the aircrafts, automotive and agriculture equipment†¦show more content†¦Two locations were found to be appropriate for the plant, first is on Kimberly Street just a few blocks away from the main plant. Second being located in Hampton, which is small town around 180miles from the main plant. The Executives of the company decided that they will eventually require minimum of 75000 Square feet of floor space and 600 labors (300 Skilled, 150 Semi-Skilled, 150 Unskilled) so as to operate efficiently. The estimated cost of the machinery and equipment needed to manufacture the parts is around $2 Million and this requirement was met by the government by equipping them with government owned equipment under a contract. The two options have their own pros and con which as stated as follows 1) KIMBERLY STREET:ï‚ § Two acres of land costing $50,000. ï‚ § Situated near to the main plant. ï‚ § Surplus labor available. ï‚ § Resale value of the land is high. ï‚ § Rate of Electricity, gas and water is cheap. ï‚ § Union of labors. 2) HAMPTON:ï‚ § Ten acres of land costing $20,000. ï‚ § Situated 180 miles away from the main plant. ï‚ § Scarcity of labor ï‚ § Cheaper wages ï‚ § Rate of Electricity, gas and water is comparatively higher than Kimberly Street. PROBLEM STATEMENT The company has to decide between the two locations based on their virtues, availability and higher margin of profit. OPTIONS AVAILABLE There are two options for the establishment of the manufacturing plant. 1) Kimberly Street 2) Hampton CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION 1) 2) 3) 4) Land Availability of laborShow MoreRelatedEquity One And The Las Vegas Sands Corporation Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesEquity One and the Las Vegas Sands Corporation are the only two North American real estate organizations to submit their sustainability report on-line to the Global Reporting Initiative. Equity One is a real estate investment organization that buys, develops, renovates, and manages shopping centers in urban neighborhoods and large residential communities across America. 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Financial Performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank

Question: Describe about the Financial Performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank. Answer: Introduction This is a case study on the financial performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank in Australia. The two banks are among the big four banks in the country, providing a diverse range of financial services to its customers. A financial analysis of these banks will determine the state of banking sector in Australia and the capacity that these banks have in sustaining the growth of the country. The contents of the sections from here are as under: Literature Review Research Questions Hypotheses Operational Definitions and Measurement Research Methodologies: Data Collection and Analysis Research Process Expected Research Outcome Conclusion Literature Review Profitability analysis of banks determines their long term sustenance capacities (Balakrishnan, 2016). In this concern, some of the major determinants of the financial performance are the capital structure and the dividend policies of the bank (Mirza Javed, 2013; Pratheepkanth, 2011). Commonwealth bank and ANZ are known to provide retail services, investment, insurance, savings, etc. (Commonwealth Bank, 2016) to the customers where the rise of the banks performances have been found to improve especially after privatization. Consistent performance along the line of Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Return on Investments has helped banks to get a larger market share. This has been maintained through the EPS granted by the banks to its stakeholders. The performance of Commonwealth bank and ANZ also depends on the manner in which the organizations have been performing over the years. More than often there have been analyses that have shown that Commonwealth Bank or ANZ is the best bank share to own in Australia. It is thus important to analyse the reasons that have led this argument to hold true and the consistency on the financial front that the two organizations have maintained. The investment fund and insurance products of both these banks have also found to excel and fetch the best of returns as compared to the other banks in the territory. This includes the business bonds, superannuation rollover plans, life rollover bonds, and life insurance and family bonds. A data of 2013 to 2016 shows that a consistent growth in profitability ratios has contributed in the performance of the banks in the above categories. Research Questions and Hypotheses The research questions proposed for the study have been mentioned as under: What can be concluded about the financial condition of the banks from a trend analysis of the financial statements? This is the main question. What is the effect of the dividend policies on the stock market position of the banks? How do the banks finance themselves and what is its impact on the leverage ratios? How have the capital structures of the banks changed over the years and what has caused the change? Based on the above questions, the following hypotheses have been proposed for the analysis? Ho1: Trend analysis does not have a say in the financial conditions of the banks. Ho2: Stock market positions of the banks are not guided by the dividend policies. Ho3: Mode of financing does not influence the leverage ratio of the banks over the years. Ho4: There has been no change in the capital structures of the banks. Operational Definitions and Measurement The dependent variables identified and their units of measurement have been mentioned as under: Current Ratio: This is the ratio between the current assets and current liabilities of the banks. It shows the ability of the banks to meet their short term financial requirements. A higher ratio indicates a safety cushion for the banks. Debt-to-asset ratio: This is the ratio between the total debts and total assets of the banks. It is an indication of the financial stability of the banks. The smaller the ratio, the higher the capacity of the banks to manage their cash flows. Debt to Equity Ratio: This is the ratio between the total liabilities and total equity of the bank which shows its leverage position (Megginson Smart, 2008 ). Return on Assets: This is the ratio between the Net Profit and the Total Assets of the organization. It is a ratio; therefore there is no unit of measurement (Damodaran, 2002). Return on Equity: This is the ratio between the Net Profit and the Total Equity that the banks have received. Again, being a ratio, there is no unit of measurement (Vasigh et al., 2010). Return on Investment: This is the ratio between the net profit and the cost of investment. It compares the efficiency of an investment (Friedlob Plewa, 1996 ; Phillips Phillips, 2006). Inventory Turnover ratio- This is the ratio of the costs of goods sold to inventory. The higher the ratio, the higher is the capability of the banks to convert its inventory into sales. There is no further simplifying required to the problem, as these ratios themselves will answer the research questions. Since these are all ratios, they are all numbers having no units. Also, since the ratios are all from the financial statements of the banks, they are required to be accurate to the second place of decimal. Research Methodologies: Data Collection and Analysis Sampling Techniques Population of Sample Four years financial data are selected from 2013 to 2016 of Commonwealth bank and ANZ which forms the sample size of the study. Sources of Collection of Data Only secondary data is taken here from the results published by the two banks on public forum Sampling Technique The study uses a Non-Probabilistic sampling technique. Here, the sample chosen for the research does not involve a random selection. Since, the entire financial statements of the four years is being considered, it is a non-probabilistic sampling technique. Also, it is a secondary data study; hence, judgemental technique will be where the research questions will be answered on the basis of the ratio analysis of the banks. (McMurray, 2004). Methods of Analysis In order to suffice the major objective of the study, which is to determine the financial position of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ and its impact on the overall performance and repute of the bank; the financial statements of both the banks will be analysed through different ratios. The data used in this study will include the Balance Sheet where the Equity, Assets and Liabilities of the banks. Many of the profitability ratios described above will be based upon the data received from the balance sheet. The next financial statement that will be analysed here is the Profit Loss Statement where the net income of the organizations can be seen that will serve to be numerators for the profitability ratios mentioned above. The higher the value obtained from these financial statements, the better would be the performance of the banks. The dividend policies of the banks will also be determined with the help of the Profit Loss statements, where earnings and no. of shares will be used as determinants. The trends analysed through the financial statements and its subsequent ratio analysis will then be compared with the market share of the two banks year on year, to find out the relation between the two and the level of impact they have on the financial strength of the banks are perceived by the market. Research Process The research process is mainly divided into four basic steps. The first step is data collection where financial data as mentioned above will be collected from 2013 to 2016. This data will then be analysed as per the research questions by conducting ratio analysis, majorly along the line of profitability. This will be used to find out the factors of financial performance of the two banks. Then the final conclusion will be made on discussing the analysis with respect to the hypotheses. Expected Research Outcome The financial strength of an organization is guided by its profitability along different determinants of the balance sheet, over the years. It is expected that the general understanding of previous researchers which puts both Commonwealth Banks and ANZ among high potential banks in Australia, can be proved from the profitability ratios of the banks from 2013 to 2016. One will also be able to analyse the reason for the high performing products of the two banks looking at its financial strengths. Conclusion This paper discusses the financial performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ in Australia through an analysis of its financial statements. It will serve as guide to analyse the factors that contribute to the financial growth of a bank and the reasons for its sustained performance over the years. It used financial ratio analysis to answer the research questions. References Balakrishnan, C.S., 2016. Asset Liability Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.iibf.org.in/uploads/caiibrmalmmodule_a.ppt [Accessed 10 August 2016]. Commonwealth Bank, 2016. Commonwealth Bank overview. [Online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/our-company/overview.html [Accessed 20 August 2016]. Damodaran, A., 2002. Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset. John Wiley Sons. Friedlob, G.T. Plewa, F.J., 1996. Understanding Return on Investment. John Wiley Sons. McMurray, A., 2004. Research: A Commonsense Approach. Australia: Cengage Learning. Megginson, W.L. Smart, S.B., 2008. Introduction to Corporate Finance. Cengage Learning. Mirza, S.A. Javed, A., 2013. Determinants of financial performance of a firm: Case of Pakistani stock market. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 5(2), pp.43-52. Phillips, P.P. Phillips, J.J., 2006. Return on Investment (ROI) Basics. American Society for Training and Development. Pratheepkanth, P., 2011. Capital structure and financial performance: Evidence from selected business companies in Colombo stock exchange Sri Lanka. Researchers World-Journal of Arts, Science Commerce, II(2), pp.171-83. Vasigh, B., Fleming, K. Mackay, L., 2010. Foundations of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice. Ashgate Publishing.

The Anti Oppressive Theory In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Anti Oppressive Theory In Social Work Social Work Essay Paper Anti-oppressive theory and pattern in societal work seeks foremost to recognize oppressionA in communities, societies, and civilizations, and thenceforth to extinguish the force per unit area and undo the sway of such subjugation. Anti-oppressive pattern is by and big understood to be an omnibus term that includes, but is non limited to, diverse pattern attacks like feminist, anti-racist, critical, extremist, and structural models. Anti-oppressive societal work bases as such for a assortment of theories and patterns that adopt the position of societal justness. It should therefore more suitably be considered to be a position or stance toward pattern instead than a pattern attack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Anti Oppressive Theory In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Anti Oppressive Theory In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Anti Oppressive Theory In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dominelli ( 1998 ) perceives anti-oppressive societal work to be a type of societal work pattern that searches for societal barriers and structural inequalities in activities that are conducted with service users or workers. Anti-oppressive pattern attempts to offer more suited, antiphonal and perceptive services by responding to the demands of persons without sing their societal position. Dominelli ( 1998 ) feels that it represents a individual oriented doctrine and an classless system of values that is concerned with decreasing the deadly consequences of structural inequalities upon the lives of people. It is a methodological analysis that focuses both on procedures and on results and is an attack of structuring relationships between individuals that strives to authorise users by decreasing the inauspicious consequences of hierarchy during their interaction with each other and the activities they do together. Social workers need to reenforce their abilities and attitudes for the behavior of anti-oppressive pattern in many ways. Dalrymple and Burke ( 1995 ) province that societal workers should obtain cognition and apprehension of their ain egos, the bulk societal systems, different groups and civilizations, and of cardinal human rights in order to efficaciously confront issues on personal and structural degrees and prosecute anti-oppressive patterns. This short survey takes up the demand of societal workers to go cognizant of and familiar with human rights and assorted cultural issues, particularly those relevant to their service users, in order to prosecute in effectual anti-oppressive pattern. Particular accent is given in the survey to domestic force against adult females of cultural and immigrant communities in Ireland, many of whom face physical and mental maltreatment in their families, even as they otherwise suffer from the prejudiced attitudes and behavior of people of mainstream and dominant communities. Cooking Social Workers for Anti-oppressive Practice Oppression is basically entrenched in society for the maintaining of its unequal position quo. Contemporary societal workers are sing the alone development of an anti-oppression attack that is bit by bit replacing long-established societal work theoretical accounts of single rehabilitation and self fulfillment. The verbalization and mounting edification of the anti- subjugation attack has been and continues to be well influenced by cultural, feminist, cheery and sapphic, disablement, and other societal motions. The demand to dispute inequality is an of import driver of anti-oppressive pattern, even as it is of import to recognize that all challenges may non be successful and moreover be distressing for the individual or group who are disputing and those who are being challenged. Anti-oppressive pattern obviously draws from a societal theoretical account of difference. It builds on societal constructionist theoretical accounts of differences, racial, cultural, gendered, and others, wh ich are created within the context of unequal societal power relationships. It therefore strongly argues for the development of pattern that confronts, challenges, and alters unequal constructions at all degrees. An of import dimension of disputing inequality concerns the edifice of self-awareness and apprehension of how the societal location of the societal worker influences the communicating between the worker and the persons or groups who are being challenged. The pattern of reflecting and thought is intrinsic to the anti-oppressive manner. Dominelli ( 2002, p 9 ) argues that cognition of oneself helps in fiting persons for set abouting anti-oppressive undertakings. Self-knowledge, for Dominelli, is cardinal to the scope of accomplishments required of a brooding practician. Social workers, to be successful in anti-oppressive pattern, should be able to critically reflect on their ain egos in pattern and on the ways in which their lifes influence their pattern relationships. The ability to critically measure the experiences of subjugation of service users requires them to analyze the ways in which personal, cultural and structural issues and processes manner the troubles that service users b ring up with service bureaus. An apprehension of human rights and assorted cultural issues, experts feel, can besides assist them significantly in cognizing their ain egos, gaining the impact every bit good as the grounds for continuation of subjugation in modern twenty-four hours society, and in turn toing such issues. Human Rights and Cultural Issues Anti-oppressive pattern, with its focal point on decrease of all signifiers of societal inequality, is closely associated with the conveying about of societal justness. Much of modern twenty-four hours oppressive activity goes against the dogmas of societal justness and concerns the undermining, denying or taking off of cardinal human rights of persons or groups of people. Human rights constitute the basicss on which modern twenty-four hours society has developed in the station Second World War epoch. Whilst human rights have increasingly developed over centuries, widespread consciousness about them grew merely after the 1940s in the wake of the holocaust atrociousnesss and the death of colonialism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 by the United Nations was a measure taken by the planetary fraternity to guarantee that human rights would non be compromised in future by the actions of people, groups or provinces. Such rights include the right to life and belongings, the right of look, the right to security from favoritism and the right to protection from physical and mental injury. Oppression however continues to happen in societies across the universe, and frequently with the tacit of open support of assorted authoritiess that signed the UN declaration and thenceforth legislated to protect human rights in their ain states. Whilst subjugation and authorization in societal work pattern do associate to conveying about of societal justness, they do non stipulate minimum and cardinal demands for human being. This compels societal workers to see persons who have to set up for themselves when they are denied human rights by dominant powers. Social workers who are familiar with human rights can nevertheless readily and efficaciously use human rights positions to descry misdemeanors. They can see state of affairss of subjugation and favoritism as fortunes in which assorted infrastructural and legal resources can be applied for effectual riddance of subjugation or negation of its impact. The consciousness of human rights and acceptance of human rights positions can assist societal workers to border fortunes refering subjugation into those of misdemeanors of rights, thereby doing authoritiess and citizens accountable for turn toing and deciding such misdemeanors. Domestic force, favoritism and unequal instruction therefore become cases of misdemeanor instead than of unequal satisfaction of demands. Social workers with human rights positions can use greater force to the challenging of unjust resource distribution, inequality and subjugation. Awareness about the civilization of service users and the differences that exist between the civilizations of societal workers and different service users can besides assist societal workers on understanding different ways of subjugation, particularly so in groups like immigrants or cultural minorities, whose civilizations are immensely different from members of the dominant groups. Culture represents the integrated and distinguishable forms of behaviors, including ideas, values, beliefs, imposts and actions of racial, spiritual, cultural, or societal groups. It is considered to be the entirety of ways that is passed through coevalss and includes ways in which persons with disablements or individuals from different spiritual or cultural backgrounds experience their environments. With the chief mission of societal workers being the sweetening of wellbeing and assisting to fulfill cardinal human demands of individuals who are hapless, vulnerable, and oppressed, they can better their pattern effectiveness significantly by understanding and going sensitive to cultural diverseness and singularity. The acquisition of such cognition can assist societal workers in understanding the kernel of societal diverseness and subjugation with respect to race, cultural background, national beginning, age, sex, sexual orientation and physical or mental disablement. Such cognition and apprehension can assist in the accomplishment of cultural competency and enable them to incorporate and transform their cognition of individuals and groups of people into specific attitudes and patterns. Whilst the development of cultural competence is of import for societal workers, the diverse backgrounds of service users, particularly in urban locations, make this procedure hard and disputing. Oppression and Domestic Violence against Women Domestic force against adult females consequences straight from the inequalities between work forces and adult females. It denies adult females their really basic homo rights, i.e. the right to wellness and undermines the development of communities and societies. General factors like marginalization and poorness and specific facets like race or ethnicity, consequence in some adult females going more vulnerable to domestic force. Whilst work forces besides face domestic force, the lower societal position of adult females, particularly in certain communities and civilizations exposes them to greater hazard, even as the figure of incidences of domestic force against adult females appears to increase at an dismaying gait. Domestic Violence refers to the usage of physical or emotional force or menace of physical force, including sexual force ; in near grownup relationshipsaˆÂ ¦.The term domestic force goes beyond existent physical force. It can besides affect emotional maltreatment ; the devastation of belongings ; isolation from friends, household and other beginnings of support ; menaces to others including kids ; stalking ; and command over entree to money, personal points, nutrient, transit and the telephone. Such force causes extended physical, emotional and mental harm to adult females. It prevents them from take parting in society, limits their entree to resources and their ability to take portion in activities like work, travel and instruction. Apart from such inauspicious effects, domestic force against adult females amendss the physical, emotional and mental development of kids, hurts their public presentation in school and affects their life opportunities. Domestic force besides consequences in economic costs for the person and for society that arise from lost work, wellness attention costs and costs of societal work appraisal and intercession for adult females and other affected household members. Domestic force against adult females is a serious job in Ireland. A 2002 study on Sexual Abuse and Violence revealed that one adult female in four in Ireland had faced some kind of sexual maltreatment during her life-time and one in five had suffered sexual assault as an grownup. Ireland witnessed 109 slayings of adult females between 1996 and 2005, 72 of which occurred in their places. All the slayings were perpetrated work forces and 50 % of these by spouses or ex-partners. Ireland has been sing rapid inward migration since the 1990s, a phenomenon that has made one of the most homogeneous societies in the EU culturally and ethnically diverse. Whilst domestic force occurs across race, faith and category, migratory adult females sing force at place face extra structural barriers on history of in-migration position, deficiency of acquaintance with linguistic communication and racism, which significantly hamper their options for protection and support. A 2008 survey by Paula Fagan reveals that migratory adult females sing force at place face four of import barriers, viz. ( a ) in-migration statute law, ( B ) limitations on use of public financess, ( degree Celsius ) racism from larger society and banishment from ain communities on rhenium [ ort of maltreatment, and ( vitamin D ) cultural differences with, and deficiency of understanding from, mainstream society, which increase their hurt and exposure, cut down their options with respect to societal security, exacerbate their fright of isolation and create barriers their seeking of aid and protection. Fagan s study reveals that the discretional character of the state s in-migration system presents alone challenges both for adult females and societal workers in set uping rights, entitlements and protections for migratory adult females sing maltreatment. With no protections yet in topographic point for adult females whose position are dependent on their husbands/partners or for those restricted from societal public assistance payments, options for maintaining adult females safe are badly restricted. A key determination of this study is that, while there needs to be betterments in Ireland s domestic force legislative and policy model for all adult females, there are specific failures in this system for migratory adult females linked to in-migration statute law, policy and processs.

Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) - Facts and Figures

Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) - Facts and Figures Name: Horned Gopher; also known as Ceratogaulus (Greek for horned marten); pronounced seh-RAT-oh-GALL-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (10-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About one foot long and a few pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large head with small, beady eyes; paired horns on snout About the Horned Gopher (Ceratogaulus) One of the most improbable megafauna mammals of Miocene North America, the Horned Gopher (genus name Ceratogaulus) certainly lived up to its name: this foot-long, otherwise inoffensive gopher-like creature sported a pair of sharp horns on its snout, the only rodent ever known to have evolved such an elaborate head display. To judge by its small eyes and mole-like, long-clawed front hands, Ceratogaulus evaded the predators of its North American habitat and avoided the noonday heat by burrowing into the grounda trait shared by the prehistoric armadillo Peltephilus, the only other known horned, burrowing mammal in the fossil record. (The Horned Gopher also bears an uncanny resemblance to the mythical Jackalope, which, however, seems to have been made up out of whole cloth sometime in the 1930s.) The big question, of course, is: why did the Horned Gopher evolve horns? An amazing amount of paperwork has been expended on this mystery, the most likely answer coming to us via the process of elimination. Since both male and female Horned Gophers possessed horns of roughly the same size, these horns clearly couldnt have been a sexually selected characteristicthat is, males didnt impress females during mating season with their long hornsand the structures were oriented in such a way that they would have been of practically no use in digging. The only logical conclusion is that these horns were intended to intimidate predators; a hungry Amphicyon, for instance, might have thought twice about lunching on the bite-sized Ceratogaulus (and getting a mouthful of painful horn in the process) if a more easily swallowed creature happened to be cowering nearby.

On The Road To Entrepreneurship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On The Road To Entrepreneurship - Article Example the US with an endeavor to gain knowledge in diverse fields, thereby returning home and pursue lucrative careers that will boost the nations’ economy and create a self-reliant country. The program caters for air fare, accommodation, tuition and other miscellaneous family expenses. A large number of my colleagues spent their leisure time peers from home, read Saudi newspapers, watch sports, check in at restaurants and gather home to engage in recreation on a PlayStation. We create a mini Saudi Arabia in each of our protected university environments. However, this compels an individual to pose the following question, â€Å"Is that the best value for the investment that our country made in us?† this, therefore, highlights the need for maximally utilizing the investment instilled in us. It will be critical to go out and promote our country’s cultural and social aspects, both within the campus and outside in the business world, owing to our imperative number of over 100,000 ambassadors. For instance, if each of our colleagues went out to educate to our American friends about our nation, over a million US citizens will be conversant with our nation. This would eliminate the misconception about our country, as the media perceives it. If the beneficiaries of the program pursued any of these questions and went beyond my anxiety-neutral situation, I would have perceived the real America and learned lessons that would enhance the education that I endeavored. I mulled over the issue only after I graduated and started working in a US company. I retain information of my dad’s advice prior to coming to the US, â€Å"Son do not just come home with just an MBA, you’d better bring a technology business along with it†. I failed to consider the issue critically. As such, when he inquired after graduation whether I had a business arrangement, my answer was negative. At the time, I realized how profound my dad’s advice had been and how effortlessly I forgot. My country