How the 22nd amino acid is produced Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the 22nd amino corrosive is created - Essay Example Despite the fact that it’s clear since the amino corrosive is a result of compounds included response with two atoms of lysine, it’s critical to realize that the analysts are researching if the particle may be having multifaceted nature in its starting point. Pyrrolysine is supposed to be exceptionally hard to track down in creatures and as of now just twelve of life forms gangs it, strangely its disclosure was made in 2002 as being hereditarily encoded by methanogens; microorganisms that produce methane. The way that it was first distinguished in the microorganism have made the researchers to think back on the hereditary code evolution.Pyrrolysine is presently among the amino acids,22 in number that are utilized for protein union. Protein amalgamation includes the progressive procedures of quality interpretation to delivery person RNA that originates from the DNA particle; it transfers the genetical data from the core to the cytoplasm where transport and ribosomal RNA does the procedure of interpretation to create the necessary protein from an assortment of three amino acids called codons (Kizycki, 2011). The comprehension of how the amino acids are made, that is; its biosynthetic pathway gives a top to bottom information on how amino acids creations can be made. How uncommon the amino corrosive is can likewise be of utilized (Kizycki, 2011) (Zhang, 2011) (Green-Church, 2011) to control proteins as in the biomedical exploration, with its method of union surely knew researchers can mirror the technique to have large scale manufacturing of other related amino acids for research purposes. The amino corrosive creation process Lysine, other amino acids and some particular proteins were joined and were foreseen that an intermediates would be delivered, the moderate is an amino corrosive that is created during the biosynthetic procedure, the lysine were marked with the goal that when mass spectrometry was utilized it got heavier than the typical one, by chance one sign delivered by the instrumentation had a digressed mass that was credited to the middle of the road. The biosynthesis of the new amino corrosive anyway accompanies an unexpected that its solitary forerunner atom is the other amino corrosive called lysine; this is additionally insisted by the Microbiology educator Joseph Kizycki at the Ohio State University that they were not seeing the odd particle however just the standard pyrrolysine from the two distinctive amino corrosive they expected.pyrolysine was watched effectively as it showed up with marked lysine (Zhang, 2011). The procedure to show up at the amino corrosive is viewed as exceptionally straightforward as it just included just three concoction responses however not all the compound responses were known or seen previously. What is astounding with the new revelation is that lone three chemicals and two atoms with a similar root establish one particle with a totally unique in relation to the underlying particle s used to make it. In the atom, a part looks like the antecedent totally, however when you contrast and anther parcel, catalysts can interface and draws out a totally extraordinary particle not been seen by any means. The conflicting idea of the pyrrolysine required the utilization of mass spectroscopy to unequivocally investigate the mass of the particles that comprise it. The utilization of mass spe

Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: essays research papers

Antiquated Greek Contributions It is consistently critical to look to the past so as to move towards what's to come. This was done in the arrangement of Western Society, and all the more explicitly the development of American culture. The Greek culture filled in as an edge of reference for some parts of Western life including government, design, math and expressions of the human experience. Old Greek culture filled in as a wide base for our general public to be based upon. During the period of Pericles, the perfect type of government was accepted to be a legislature shaped by the entirety of the residents paying little mind to riches or social standing. This was known as majority rule government, truly meaning â€Å" legislature of the people† [Document 3.] This administration supported the numerous rather than the couple of. Athens was an immediate popular government, which means each resident took an interest in discusses. Western progress utilized this way of thinking of government by many, and made a roundabout majority rules system where residents choose authorities for make and implement laws. Geometry, a foundation in present day progress, additionally had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, shaped numerous geometric verifications and speculations [Document 5]. He likewise came to one of the most critical disclosures of math, Pi. This number demonstrated the proportion between the breadth and perimeter of a circle. Grecian engineering shaped its own shows in the antiquated world, structures in Greece were worked with fastidious mathematic plan. Extraordinary structures were accepted to be balanced, and consummately proportioned [Document 7]. Another noticeable part of antiquated Greek engineering is the broad utilization of sections. There were three fundamental sorts utilized, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were molded after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to reflect acanthus leaves. Greek Influences on Western Civilization :: articles examine papers Antiquated Greek Contributions It is consistently critical to look to the past so as to move towards what's to come. This was done in the arrangement of Western Society, and all the more explicitly the development of American culture. The Greek culture filled in as an edge of reference for some parts of Western life including government, engineering, math and human expressions. Old Greek culture filled in as an extremely wide base for our general public to be based upon. During the period of Pericles, the perfect type of government was accepted to be an administration shaped by the entirety of the residents paying little heed to riches or social standing. This was known as popular government, truly meaning â€Å" administration of the people† [Document 3.] This legislature supported the numerous rather than the couple of. Athens was an immediate vote based system, which means each resident took an interest in discusses. Western human advancement utilized this way of thinking of government by many, and made a circuitous majority rule government where residents choose authorities for make and implement laws. Geometry, a foundation in current progress, likewise had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, shaped numerous geometric confirmations and hypotheses [Document 5]. He likewise came to one of the most noteworthy disclosures of math, Pi. This number indicated the proportion between the distance across and outline of a circle. Grecian engineering framed its own shows in the old world, structures in Greece were worked with careful mathematic plan. Incredible structures were accepted to be balanced, and consummately proportioned [Document 7]. Another unmistakable part of antiquated Greek design is the broad utilization of sections. There were three fundamental sorts utilized, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were formed after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to reflect acanthus leaves.

ASOS Case Study Essay

Promoting and DIGITAL MARKETING 1. Depict how ASOS applies the showcasing blend on the web? With the assistance of a promoting blend, the organization can meet its advertising targets. There are seven focuses which are famously known as the 7P’s, they are item, place, value, advancement, individuals, process and physical proof. Item ASOS utilizes an online stage to sell style. ASOS has a wide scope of dress from shoes, coats, adornments, swimwear, nightwear and some more. Under ASOS wide scope of acclaimed brands are accessible like Nike, Adidas, Calvin Klein and so on aside from this ASOS sells brands at serious rates with other online locales. It has around 50,000 items accessible and is extending its range ordinary Cost ASOS has confidence in sensible valuing methodology, yet a large number of their items are costly particularly the top of the line brands. The vast majority of the items sold are those well used by big names that are sold at less expensive rates than different brands. The best thing about ASOS is that they have deals from time to time, and the greater part of the items go on half deal. ASOS doesn’t have free conveyance administration which could be one negative effect. Spot ASOS just uses an online stage to sell their items, and works absolutely by means of the web. So clients don’t need to visit any stores, they simply need to sign in to the site select the items add them to bushel and pay. ASOS has a stockroom where they keep the stock and when requested by clients, it conveys from that point. They have a gigantic stockroom of 32,500 square meters. They have an administrative center which is situated at: More prominent London House Hampstead Road London NW1 7FB UK Advancement ASOS advances itself by giving out markdown codes. They are constantly dynamic in messaging their enlisted clients about the updates style. When the client has bought an item, they will begin accepting the bulletin and booklets about the site. As they are on web they advance it by posting recordings of catwalks, style shows and that's just the beginning. They even advance themselves on long range informal communication destinations as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Individuals Individuals are the representatives that work for the business, without them it’s difficult to deal with such an enormous business. These representatives are exceptionally prepared and proficient in their work. In ASOS the client assistance is bit unique in relation to what is given in the retail locations. These individuals are profoundly gifted in the IT division, so they are refreshed with the patterns. A portion of the BOD who are accountable for ASOS are Chairman-Lord Waheed Alli, Chief Executive-Nick Robertson, and Non-Executive Director-Karen Jones. Procedure Shopping encounters at ASOS are entirely unexpected from some other high road store. Clients can't attempt the item yet they can just observe it through pictures. The item they need to purchase, will at that point be passed on into the bin and afterward it very well may be bought through PayPal, Visa. The conveyance will be normal in 4-5 working days. Physical Proof As referenced before ASOS works absolutely from an online stage, so it doesn't have any physical proof. The physical proof is the receipt or the printouts of the items they have bought. The official site of ASOS is http://www.asos.com/. At ASOS they normally update their site with new items and advancements. 2. Outlines the incorporated interchanges procedure utilized by ASOS? ASOS is currently number two retailer in UK. They are among the hugest retail online style store. Their ongoing movement was to open an e-following shop inside Facebook, and it was propelled on 27th January 2011. ASOS is continually striving to change the market pattern. Clients would now be able to follow their conveyances. Customersâ can waitlist their items, pick shading. ASOS likewise included catwalk highlights for ladies wear. So more than once ASOS is attempting its best to speak with their clients on an incorporated level ASOS utilized different specialized strategies. a. They have expanded the pages of their magazine to 116. The initial three issues of magazine created more than 1.5 million pounds in deals and 9% was the normal reaction rate. After that magazine on menswear was likewise dispatches in May 2008, which discussed style, patterns, diversion and great design sense. b. ASOS consistently is in contact with their 1.8 million clients. The pamphlet helped in deals by 137% in 2001 c. In 2006, there was very nearly 2236 design article content about asos.com and its items , which additionally helped the deals go up by 59% d. ASOS goes about as a closest companion would to its clients. This implies clients spread the news to others. The majority of its clients feel that they have an individual relationship with ASOS. This sort of informal exchange has helped the deals go up and helped assembling unwaveringness. It was seen that 15% of clients visited the site on suggestion of companions. e. In the last overview by asos.com 73% of clients express ed that they spread the news to their companions. ASOS has a group of 30 client assistance consultants. This group reacts to messages, bulletins and updates the long range interpersonal communication site and normally speaks with its clients. To interface with clients ASOS is constantly dynamic on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+ and they even have their own magazine application for iPhones. To get progressively drew in, they propelled the F-store in 2011. Presently they have more than 1.7 million likes on Facebook, more than 325k supporters on twitter and more than 440k devotees on Google+. 3. What dangers do you think overseeing as ASOS grows abroad? ASOS needs to constantly change its market section in such a variable industry. Individuals these days are capricious and their style sense changes normally. Building brand unwaveringness in such variable markets is troublesome, and building dependability is the way to progress for ASOS. The principle question here is how ASOS will make a more grounded association with its clients in a troublesome issues? Since ASOS doesn’t have any physical proof, for example A Store, a shopping pack and so on. There are various dangers that come connected at the hip withâ the advantages of extension: 1. Customized substance will increment to remember the various areas, their societies, atmospheres and purchasing propensities 2. Things as preliminary and returns are additionally increasingly confused when organizations grow around the world 3. Speaking with an individual impact to cause every client to feel one of a kind and acknowledged requires a great deal of exertion and when a stage gets overall there is a gigantic blend of clients that could get steadfast, to manage every one on its own level is likewise a test 4. Conveyance channels additionally need to expand, new ones likewise should be made, new administration for each part should be selected and so forth. 5. Quality control should be kept up when an organization goes into large scale manufacturing If we talk about prevalence ASOS is less notable outside Europe. Hole and ZARA are the fundamental contenders of ASOS as they additionally have web based shopping stage, and they are very much perceived everywhere throughout the world in contrast with ASOS. So for ASOS to be well known all around the globe, it needs to target new sections and assemble the unwaveringness around the globe. ASOS is beginning to pick up fame in Australia and USA as they opened their new workplaces there. With further extension of ASOS, they should begin to think about creation more distribution centers the world over. The greater part of their stuff is made in China, Eastern Europe or numerous other ease nations, and are then transported to the UK. They could be progressively dynamic on long range informal communication destinations, post recordings on You-Tube in various dialects, so individuals can get connected with to them. Long range interpersonal communication can be an issue toward the beginning. But this, CRM can be a signi ficant issue too. ASOS can improve Customer Relationship Management (CRM) framework for some special motors like intrigue diagram. Customer’s intrigue can be estimated through Business Intelligence Data gathered on the web. As referenced before the fundamental issue is make steadfastness to the clients, so another approach to upgrade CRM is to give the clients devotion program. As ASOS target markets are same in UK and some different nations, if ASOS needs to go around the world, it needs to change their intended interest group from youth to everybody, to draw in every segment portion. ASOS would confront numerous contenders around the world, there would be many style sites like ASOS. 4. Recognize the key components of ASOS’s key showcasing plan? Situational Analysis- ASOS targets clients who are youthful and know the feeling of style, the most recent pattern. Furthermore, with the exception of this they appreciate shopping on the web more than heading off to the genuine shop, remaining in the line. To shop online ASOS is giving easy to use interface on their cell phones too. SWOT Analysis- Quality: ASOS has assortment of items from shoe wear to adornments. Individuals don’t need to go out and shop and burn through their time, they can without much of a stretch call for items web based by their decisions. Shortcoming: This can be shortcoming as well, if a few people needs to go out to shop and see the items, feel them or attempt them, they can’t as they don’t have any physical proof. ASOS should strive to make their item perceived, by placing adverts or little articles in magazine about ASOS. Opportunity: To be increasingly dynamic on Facebook, as the individuals worldwide may not know ASOS that much, yet through informal communication to be in contact with them. Refreshing their design on Facebook page or gathering. Noting their issues and managing their objections. Risk: ASOS has numerous competitions, for example, GAP, ZARA and H&M and a lot more who are additionally managing on the web design store. As referenced before there are no physical proof on ASOS where individuals could proceed to attempt garments, or trade or take discounts. Contender ASOS has numerous contenders who need to become like it, however they can’t. The top most contender of ASOS are GAP and ZARA, as the two of them additionally focuses on a similar objective markets and now they even began the on the web

Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction Essay - 1375 Words

Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction (Essay Sample) Content: Alcohol and cocaine addictionNameInstitutionAlcohol and cocaine addictionIntroductionDrug addiction is one of the public health issues in the society. The addiction has been associated with different cognitive deficits in the abuser that include emotional regulation, working memory, motivation, attention, flexibility, decision-making and learning (Banerjee 2014). Various neurophysiological studies indicate that drugs that are abused have the reinforcing and addictive properties that affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine-mediated reward system through transmitters. This essay examines the brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement in the addiction of alcohol and cocaine; anxiety and schizophrenia disorders. The author will also evaluate how the changes in the brain are addressed using medication as one of the biologically-based intervention measures to counter addiction.Brains involvement in the addictionAlcohol is considered to be one of the powerful drugs that affect t he brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s normal activities through addiction behavior. It induces changes in the neurological pathways of the brain such as the dopaminergic, ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬amino butyric acid (GABA), serotoninergic and glutamate pathways (Banerjee 2014). The ethanol, contained in the alcohol affects the central nervous system (CNS) by depressing the activities of the brain (Banerjee 2014). The person who is addicted to ethanol exhibit the feelings of relaxation and good mood. Alcohol interacts with the brain neurotransmitters of the reward and stress circuits. In this case, the alcohol acute reinforcing effects are produced; that later affects the neuronal function that is primary in alcohol addiction (Vengeliene, et al. 2008).The dopamine pathway is a neurotransmitter that controls the circuit of the mesolimbic system (Banerjee 2014). The course is significant in controlling how the organisms react to the incentive changes of the environment. Dopamine, therefore, influences the incentive motivation that is linked to the ethanol intoxication. Alcohol affects the serotonin neurotransmitters of the brain by increasing the level of the serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of the brain (Vengeliene, et al. 2008; Banerjee 2014). The GABA, being one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain is influenced by ethanol that enables high production of GABA that is felt around the central nucleus of the amygdala region. GABA functions through the assistance of subtype receptors called GABAA and GABAB. The Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that operates through the Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬methylà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Banerjee 2014; Vengeliene, et al. 2008). Glutamate reinforces the acute effects of ethanol on the organism. Alcohol hinders the functions of the glutamate in the brain by reducing their levels in the striatum part of the brain that has nucleus accumbens (Banerjee 2014). The chronic alcohol exposure suppresses the glutamate-mediated signal in the amygdala.According to Wakabashi and Kiyatkin (2014), the abuse of cocaine induces transient nucleus accumbens shells glutamate release that has distinct peripheral and central sources. The cocaine-initiated glutamate becomes acute and produces a dependency sensitization to the user. However, according to Gabach and others (2013), the behavioral sensitization is contributed by Nitric oxide. In Gabach and others perspective, nitric oxide contained in cocaine, acquires and maintains the effects of the drug in the brain of the user. The nitric oxide is involved in the activation of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NO/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the brain (Gabach 2013). The stimulation of nNOS/NO/sGC/cGMP pathway by continuous intake of cocaine activates the glutamate pathways and nucleus accumbens shells (Wakabashi Kiyatkin 2014; Gabach, et al. 2013). The cocaine in take enhances the hippocampal LTP by stimulating the hippocampal ventral subiculum that increase the cocaine-seeking behavior (Gabach, et al. 2013).Anxiety and Schizophrenia disordersAccording to Smith and Randall (2012), the effects alcohol has on biopsychosocial can result in anxiety. Alcohol use involves the episodes of intermittent consumption and frequent utilization and withdrawal that destabilize the nervous system hence producing or worsening the state of anxiety. The acute alcohol use increases the anxiolytic effect by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitters. The withdrawal period contributes to hyperexcitability of some of the brain components such as the limbic system, and the norepinephrine involved in the production of panic attacks (Smith Randall 2012). The repeated withdrawal episodes are known to cause neural adaptation (kindling) exposing the drinker to anxiety and stress-induced effects of alcohol consumption. Symptoms such as increased heart rate, shallow and faster breathing are common to people who have abstained from alcohol (Smith Randall 2012).According to Buckner and others (2011), the use of cocaine, produces similar anxiolytic properties to those of alcohol. However, the abuser is susceptible to using other chemicals despite being an addict of cocaine. The patients that are withdrawing from cocaine experience higher levels of anxiety sensitivity that force them to abuse more cocaine to avoid the effects of anxious arousal (Buckner, et al. 2011). In this case, anxiety is used to maintain the substance use, and in some instances, the substance use is meant to avoid the effects of anxiety.The schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that have psychological symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013). The negative and cognitive effects of schizophrenia emerge when the levels of glutamate that are signaled through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel, are little. According to Harvey and Yee (2013) , the addictive properties of alcohol and cocaine are governed by the rewarding property induced by the drugs that facilitate the consumption and the drug-seeking behavior. A person under the influence of alcohol or cocaine, therefore, is likely to experience frequent effects of schizophrenia due to the lower levels of glutamate in the brain (Harvey Yee 2013). Alcohol and cocaine have been noted to reduce the levels of glutamate in the striatum; in this case the higher rate of depreciation of glutamate in the brain will subject the abuser to the frequent episodes of hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013).Biological-based intervention measure of alcoholism and cocaine addictionThis section of the essay provides an evaluation of the use of medication as a biological-based intervention measure to interfere with the effects produced by alcohol and cocaine addiction in the brain. According to Banerjee (2014), the injection of small doses of a compound that interferes with the n ormal activities of the dopamine can block the consumption of alcohol. Although the reduction or absence of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system does not guarantee the absolute abstinence from alcohol consumption, it is one of the measures that can be taken in reducing the levels of addiction. Serotonin pathways can also be targeted in alleviating addiction; introducing chemical compound that target the reuptake of serotonin in the system has been discovered to have the suppressive ability in alcohol-reinforced behavior. For instance, when the levels of serotonin are down, the urge to take alcohol is decreased (Banerjee 2014).The working principle of GABAA and GABAB receptor in the brain of an addict is interfered in the presence of chemical drugs (Banerjee 2014). Since acute alcohol use increases the transmission of GABA in the amygdala region, the medication that targets the ÃŽ1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬subunit in the GABAA receptor component will reduce the rate of consumption of alcoho l (Banerjee 2014). The administration of the drug is done to the ventral pallidum; the region of the brain that receives signals from the neurons located in the amygdala extension (Banerjee 2014). According to Harvey and Yee (2013) the sarcosine-based non-competitive GlyT1-selective inhibitors such as Org 25935 and Org 24598 can be administered to reduce alcohol preference and the relapse of drinking. However, the competitive GlyT1 inhibitors in humans are yet to be evaluated in models of alcoholism (Harvey Yee 2013). Acamprosate is used to control the activities of glutamate by acting on the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptors (Banerjee 2014). Acamprosate reduces the workloa... Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction Essay - 1375 Words Alcohol and Cocaine Addiction (Essay Sample) Content: Alcohol and cocaine addictionNameInstitutionAlcohol and cocaine addictionIntroductionDrug addiction is one of the public health issues in the society. The addiction has been associated with different cognitive deficits in the abuser that include emotional regulation, working memory, motivation, attention, flexibility, decision-making and learning (Banerjee 2014). Various neurophysiological studies indicate that drugs that are abused have the reinforcing and addictive properties that affect the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine-mediated reward system through transmitters. This essay examines the brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement in the addiction of alcohol and cocaine; anxiety and schizophrenia disorders. The author will also evaluate how the changes in the brain are addressed using medication as one of the biologically-based intervention measures to counter addiction.Brains involvement in the addictionAlcohol is considered to be one of the powerful drugs that affect t he brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s normal activities through addiction behavior. It induces changes in the neurological pathways of the brain such as the dopaminergic, ÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬amino butyric acid (GABA), serotoninergic and glutamate pathways (Banerjee 2014). The ethanol, contained in the alcohol affects the central nervous system (CNS) by depressing the activities of the brain (Banerjee 2014). The person who is addicted to ethanol exhibit the feelings of relaxation and good mood. Alcohol interacts with the brain neurotransmitters of the reward and stress circuits. In this case, the alcohol acute reinforcing effects are produced; that later affects the neuronal function that is primary in alcohol addiction (Vengeliene, et al. 2008).The dopamine pathway is a neurotransmitter that controls the circuit of the mesolimbic system (Banerjee 2014). The course is significant in controlling how the organisms react to the incentive changes of the environment. Dopamine, therefore, influences the incentive motivation that is linked to the ethanol intoxication. Alcohol affects the serotonin neurotransmitters of the brain by increasing the level of the serotonin in the nucleus accumbens of the brain (Vengeliene, et al. 2008; Banerjee 2014). The GABA, being one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain is influenced by ethanol that enables high production of GABA that is felt around the central nucleus of the amygdala region. GABA functions through the assistance of subtype receptors called GABAA and GABAB. The Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that operates through the Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬methylà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Banerjee 2014; Vengeliene, et al. 2008). Glutamate reinforces the acute effects of ethanol on the organism. Alcohol hinders the functions of the glutamate in the brain by reducing their levels in the striatum part of the brain that has nucleus accumbens (Banerjee 2014). The chronic alcohol exposure suppresses the glutamate-mediated signal in the amygdala.According to Wakabashi and Kiyatkin (2014), the abuse of cocaine induces transient nucleus accumbens shells glutamate release that has distinct peripheral and central sources. The cocaine-initiated glutamate becomes acute and produces a dependency sensitization to the user. However, according to Gabach and others (2013), the behavioral sensitization is contributed by Nitric oxide. In Gabach and others perspective, nitric oxide contained in cocaine, acquires and maintains the effects of the drug in the brain of the user. The nitric oxide is involved in the activation of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NO/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in the brain (Gabach 2013). The stimulation of nNOS/NO/sGC/cGMP pathway by continuous intake of cocaine activates the glutamate pathways and nucleus accumbens shells (Wakabashi Kiyatkin 2014; Gabach, et al. 2013). The cocaine in take enhances the hippocampal LTP by stimulating the hippocampal ventral subiculum that increase the cocaine-seeking behavior (Gabach, et al. 2013).Anxiety and Schizophrenia disordersAccording to Smith and Randall (2012), the effects alcohol has on biopsychosocial can result in anxiety. Alcohol use involves the episodes of intermittent consumption and frequent utilization and withdrawal that destabilize the nervous system hence producing or worsening the state of anxiety. The acute alcohol use increases the anxiolytic effect by increasing the activity of the GABA neurotransmitters. The withdrawal period contributes to hyperexcitability of some of the brain components such as the limbic system, and the norepinephrine involved in the production of panic attacks (Smith Randall 2012). The repeated withdrawal episodes are known to cause neural adaptation (kindling) exposing the drinker to anxiety and stress-induced effects of alcohol consumption. Symptoms such as increased heart rate, shallow and faster breathing are common to people who have abstained from alcohol (Smith Randall 2012).According to Buckner and others (2011), the use of cocaine, produces similar anxiolytic properties to those of alcohol. However, the abuser is susceptible to using other chemicals despite being an addict of cocaine. The patients that are withdrawing from cocaine experience higher levels of anxiety sensitivity that force them to abuse more cocaine to avoid the effects of anxious arousal (Buckner, et al. 2011). In this case, anxiety is used to maintain the substance use, and in some instances, the substance use is meant to avoid the effects of anxiety.The schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that have psychological symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013). The negative and cognitive effects of schizophrenia emerge when the levels of glutamate that are signaled through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channel, are little. According to Harvey and Yee (2013) , the addictive properties of alcohol and cocaine are governed by the rewarding property induced by the drugs that facilitate the consumption and the drug-seeking behavior. A person under the influence of alcohol or cocaine, therefore, is likely to experience frequent effects of schizophrenia due to the lower levels of glutamate in the brain (Harvey Yee 2013). Alcohol and cocaine have been noted to reduce the levels of glutamate in the striatum; in this case the higher rate of depreciation of glutamate in the brain will subject the abuser to the frequent episodes of hallucinations and delusions (Harvey Yee 2013).Biological-based intervention measure of alcoholism and cocaine addictionThis section of the essay provides an evaluation of the use of medication as a biological-based intervention measure to interfere with the effects produced by alcohol and cocaine addiction in the brain. According to Banerjee (2014), the injection of small doses of a compound that interferes with the n ormal activities of the dopamine can block the consumption of alcohol. Although the reduction or absence of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system does not guarantee the absolute abstinence from alcohol consumption, it is one of the measures that can be taken in reducing the levels of addiction. Serotonin pathways can also be targeted in alleviating addiction; introducing chemical compound that target the reuptake of serotonin in the system has been discovered to have the suppressive ability in alcohol-reinforced behavior. For instance, when the levels of serotonin are down, the urge to take alcohol is decreased (Banerjee 2014).The working principle of GABAA and GABAB receptor in the brain of an addict is interfered in the presence of chemical drugs (Banerjee 2014). Since acute alcohol use increases the transmission of GABA in the amygdala region, the medication that targets the ÃŽ1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬subunit in the GABAA receptor component will reduce the rate of consumption of alcoho l (Banerjee 2014). The administration of the drug is done to the ventral pallidum; the region of the brain that receives signals from the neurons located in the amygdala extension (Banerjee 2014). According to Harvey and Yee (2013) the sarcosine-based non-competitive GlyT1-selective inhibitors such as Org 25935 and Org 24598 can be administered to reduce alcohol preference and the relapse of drinking. However, the competitive GlyT1 inhibitors in humans are yet to be evaluated in models of alcoholism (Harvey Yee 2013). Acamprosate is used to control the activities of glutamate by acting on the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptors (Banerjee 2014). Acamprosate reduces the workloa...

Students With Learning Disabilities Academic Needs Essay

One of the challenges that can occur within integrated classroom is students with learning disabilities academic needs are not being meet. For teachers to successfully enforce integrated classroom they need all the same resources a special education classroom receives for the students. What can occur unfortunately classroom population for teacher and student’s ratio is increasing, and can have a negative effect for student academic performance. For a classroom to be successful the classroom size matter because classroom size has a great impact on students education, and when the number of students is reduced to a small portion teachers are able to give more attention to students. (Boyer, 122-123). When students are in inclusive classroom the effect that has on students is important to take into consideration. In a study conducted by *****, measured students with learning wellbeing when they are placed in inclusive classroom, the finding were, â€Å" †¦ Special Educationa l needs presented lower level of subjective wellbeing. Specially, this study highlighted the low scores in terms of life satisfaction, health related quality of life and positive affect, and the higher score regarding negative affect in these student† (****, 89). When students are placed in integrated classroom, unfortunately the teacher has a large population of students that those with learning disabilities are not given the attention they need to grasp the lecture and to pause to review the context. This canShow MoreRelatedEducational Policies For Students With Learning Disabilities Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the main goals of education is to include students with learning disabilities in general education. This means that it is critical for general educational teachers to meet the needs of a diverse group of students with various learning styles and performance levels. Peer tutoring is an instructional learning strategy that allows educators to assist a diverse group of students. (Hughes Fredrick, 2006). Peer tutoring is not a new concept, but it has been empirically shown to be an effectiveRead MoreUnderstanding Special Education Essay example1239 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial education involves the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses a students’ individual disabilities and requirements. These programs are designed so that special learners may learn skills which will assist them in coming closer in learning to children without disabilities. The field of special education has moved from a perspective of protection and caretaking to an emphasis on learning and growth. 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Sands Corporation - 1079 Words

SANDS CORPORATION WRITTEN ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION (WAC) NISHANT GADIA FSB-1 26TH August 14 SANDS CORPORATION LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL August 9, 1961 President, Sands Corporation Clairmont, USA Dear Sir, Enclosed is the report on â€Å"The Establishment of New plant†. This report examines the problems, options available and the different scenarios dealt with. Various factors have been taken into consideration for an attempt to take a wiser decision. I hope you find this report satisfactory and help you in taking wiser decision. Regards Vice President Manufacturing EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sands Corporation was established in 1941 with an aim to manufacture range of parts for the aircrafts, automotive and agriculture equipment†¦show more content†¦Two locations were found to be appropriate for the plant, first is on Kimberly Street just a few blocks away from the main plant. Second being located in Hampton, which is small town around 180miles from the main plant. The Executives of the company decided that they will eventually require minimum of 75000 Square feet of floor space and 600 labors (300 Skilled, 150 Semi-Skilled, 150 Unskilled) so as to operate efficiently. The estimated cost of the machinery and equipment needed to manufacture the parts is around $2 Million and this requirement was met by the government by equipping them with government owned equipment under a contract. The two options have their own pros and con which as stated as follows 1) KIMBERLY STREET:ï‚ § Two acres of land costing $50,000. ï‚ § Situated near to the main plant. ï‚ § Surplus labor available. ï‚ § Resale value of the land is high. ï‚ § Rate of Electricity, gas and water is cheap. ï‚ § Union of labors. 2) HAMPTON:ï‚ § Ten acres of land costing $20,000. ï‚ § Situated 180 miles away from the main plant. ï‚ § Scarcity of labor ï‚ § Cheaper wages ï‚ § Rate of Electricity, gas and water is comparatively higher than Kimberly Street. 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Financial Performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank

Question: Describe about the Financial Performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank. Answer: Introduction This is a case study on the financial performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank in Australia. The two banks are among the big four banks in the country, providing a diverse range of financial services to its customers. A financial analysis of these banks will determine the state of banking sector in Australia and the capacity that these banks have in sustaining the growth of the country. The contents of the sections from here are as under: Literature Review Research Questions Hypotheses Operational Definitions and Measurement Research Methodologies: Data Collection and Analysis Research Process Expected Research Outcome Conclusion Literature Review Profitability analysis of banks determines their long term sustenance capacities (Balakrishnan, 2016). In this concern, some of the major determinants of the financial performance are the capital structure and the dividend policies of the bank (Mirza Javed, 2013; Pratheepkanth, 2011). Commonwealth bank and ANZ are known to provide retail services, investment, insurance, savings, etc. (Commonwealth Bank, 2016) to the customers where the rise of the banks performances have been found to improve especially after privatization. Consistent performance along the line of Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Return on Investments has helped banks to get a larger market share. This has been maintained through the EPS granted by the banks to its stakeholders. The performance of Commonwealth bank and ANZ also depends on the manner in which the organizations have been performing over the years. More than often there have been analyses that have shown that Commonwealth Bank or ANZ is the best bank share to own in Australia. It is thus important to analyse the reasons that have led this argument to hold true and the consistency on the financial front that the two organizations have maintained. The investment fund and insurance products of both these banks have also found to excel and fetch the best of returns as compared to the other banks in the territory. This includes the business bonds, superannuation rollover plans, life rollover bonds, and life insurance and family bonds. A data of 2013 to 2016 shows that a consistent growth in profitability ratios has contributed in the performance of the banks in the above categories. Research Questions and Hypotheses The research questions proposed for the study have been mentioned as under: What can be concluded about the financial condition of the banks from a trend analysis of the financial statements? This is the main question. What is the effect of the dividend policies on the stock market position of the banks? How do the banks finance themselves and what is its impact on the leverage ratios? How have the capital structures of the banks changed over the years and what has caused the change? Based on the above questions, the following hypotheses have been proposed for the analysis? Ho1: Trend analysis does not have a say in the financial conditions of the banks. Ho2: Stock market positions of the banks are not guided by the dividend policies. Ho3: Mode of financing does not influence the leverage ratio of the banks over the years. Ho4: There has been no change in the capital structures of the banks. Operational Definitions and Measurement The dependent variables identified and their units of measurement have been mentioned as under: Current Ratio: This is the ratio between the current assets and current liabilities of the banks. It shows the ability of the banks to meet their short term financial requirements. A higher ratio indicates a safety cushion for the banks. Debt-to-asset ratio: This is the ratio between the total debts and total assets of the banks. It is an indication of the financial stability of the banks. The smaller the ratio, the higher the capacity of the banks to manage their cash flows. Debt to Equity Ratio: This is the ratio between the total liabilities and total equity of the bank which shows its leverage position (Megginson Smart, 2008 ). Return on Assets: This is the ratio between the Net Profit and the Total Assets of the organization. It is a ratio; therefore there is no unit of measurement (Damodaran, 2002). Return on Equity: This is the ratio between the Net Profit and the Total Equity that the banks have received. Again, being a ratio, there is no unit of measurement (Vasigh et al., 2010). Return on Investment: This is the ratio between the net profit and the cost of investment. It compares the efficiency of an investment (Friedlob Plewa, 1996 ; Phillips Phillips, 2006). Inventory Turnover ratio- This is the ratio of the costs of goods sold to inventory. The higher the ratio, the higher is the capability of the banks to convert its inventory into sales. There is no further simplifying required to the problem, as these ratios themselves will answer the research questions. Since these are all ratios, they are all numbers having no units. Also, since the ratios are all from the financial statements of the banks, they are required to be accurate to the second place of decimal. Research Methodologies: Data Collection and Analysis Sampling Techniques Population of Sample Four years financial data are selected from 2013 to 2016 of Commonwealth bank and ANZ which forms the sample size of the study. Sources of Collection of Data Only secondary data is taken here from the results published by the two banks on public forum Sampling Technique The study uses a Non-Probabilistic sampling technique. Here, the sample chosen for the research does not involve a random selection. Since, the entire financial statements of the four years is being considered, it is a non-probabilistic sampling technique. Also, it is a secondary data study; hence, judgemental technique will be where the research questions will be answered on the basis of the ratio analysis of the banks. (McMurray, 2004). Methods of Analysis In order to suffice the major objective of the study, which is to determine the financial position of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ and its impact on the overall performance and repute of the bank; the financial statements of both the banks will be analysed through different ratios. The data used in this study will include the Balance Sheet where the Equity, Assets and Liabilities of the banks. Many of the profitability ratios described above will be based upon the data received from the balance sheet. The next financial statement that will be analysed here is the Profit Loss Statement where the net income of the organizations can be seen that will serve to be numerators for the profitability ratios mentioned above. The higher the value obtained from these financial statements, the better would be the performance of the banks. The dividend policies of the banks will also be determined with the help of the Profit Loss statements, where earnings and no. of shares will be used as determinants. The trends analysed through the financial statements and its subsequent ratio analysis will then be compared with the market share of the two banks year on year, to find out the relation between the two and the level of impact they have on the financial strength of the banks are perceived by the market. Research Process The research process is mainly divided into four basic steps. The first step is data collection where financial data as mentioned above will be collected from 2013 to 2016. This data will then be analysed as per the research questions by conducting ratio analysis, majorly along the line of profitability. This will be used to find out the factors of financial performance of the two banks. Then the final conclusion will be made on discussing the analysis with respect to the hypotheses. Expected Research Outcome The financial strength of an organization is guided by its profitability along different determinants of the balance sheet, over the years. It is expected that the general understanding of previous researchers which puts both Commonwealth Banks and ANZ among high potential banks in Australia, can be proved from the profitability ratios of the banks from 2013 to 2016. One will also be able to analyse the reason for the high performing products of the two banks looking at its financial strengths. Conclusion This paper discusses the financial performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ in Australia through an analysis of its financial statements. It will serve as guide to analyse the factors that contribute to the financial growth of a bank and the reasons for its sustained performance over the years. It used financial ratio analysis to answer the research questions. References Balakrishnan, C.S., 2016. Asset Liability Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.iibf.org.in/uploads/caiibrmalmmodule_a.ppt [Accessed 10 August 2016]. Commonwealth Bank, 2016. Commonwealth Bank overview. [Online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/our-company/overview.html [Accessed 20 August 2016]. Damodaran, A., 2002. Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset. John Wiley Sons. Friedlob, G.T. Plewa, F.J., 1996. Understanding Return on Investment. John Wiley Sons. McMurray, A., 2004. Research: A Commonsense Approach. Australia: Cengage Learning. Megginson, W.L. Smart, S.B., 2008. Introduction to Corporate Finance. Cengage Learning. Mirza, S.A. Javed, A., 2013. Determinants of financial performance of a firm: Case of Pakistani stock market. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 5(2), pp.43-52. Phillips, P.P. Phillips, J.J., 2006. Return on Investment (ROI) Basics. American Society for Training and Development. Pratheepkanth, P., 2011. Capital structure and financial performance: Evidence from selected business companies in Colombo stock exchange Sri Lanka. Researchers World-Journal of Arts, Science Commerce, II(2), pp.171-83. Vasigh, B., Fleming, K. Mackay, L., 2010. Foundations of Airline Finance: Methodology and Practice. Ashgate Publishing.